Shakespeare s Heart Of Darkness - 1424 Words

Relevance of Heart of Darkness Alexander Spirovski LITR 211 Professor David Auchter Joseph Conrad s Heart of Darkness contains both relevant and irrelevant elements to today s society. Issues present in the text such as imperialism, racism, and moral ambiguity are still present today but their formats have changed enough in society that Heart of Darkness approaches obsolescence in perspective. Concurrently, the characters and theme presented in Heart of Darkness are scarce in fictional British literature therefore allowing this book to remain quite relevant. As we read more books, our ability to form informed opinions increases. Imperialism in Heart of Darkness is prompted by pursuit of natural resources such as ivory under the guise of the benevolent deed of civilizing primitive savage tribes of Africa. What occurs is the widespread enslavement of Africans by Europeans via forced labor, physical beatings, chained bondage, and denial of basic necessities such as food, clothing, and medicine, as seen here: Six black men advanced in a file, toiling up the path. They walked erect and slow, balancing small baskets full of earth on their heads, and the clink kept time with their footsteps. Black rags were wound round their loins, and the short ends behind waggled to and fro like tails. I could see every rib, the joints of their limbs were like knots in a rope; each had an iron collar on his neck, and all were connected together with a chain whose bights swung betweenShow MoreRelatedMacbeth : Lightness And Darkness988 Words   |  4 PagesHonors English 2 6 March 2017 Macbeth Essay: Lightness and Darkness Is the lightness and darkness combination, implemented by Shakespeare in the play The Tragedy of Macbeth, foreshadowing Macbeth’s downfall? As many can identify conspicuous examples of light and darkness through characterization, the play has many hidden foreshadowing signifiers. Although many overlook the imagery created through the light and darkness in Macbeth, Shakespeare places these examples strategically to make readers payRead MoreEssay about Copmaring Shakespeares Sonnets 116 and 1471489 Words   |  6 PagesCopmaring Shakespeares Sonnets 116 and 147 Light/Dark. Comfort/Despair. Love/Hate. These three pairs of words manage to sum up William Shakespeares Sonnet 116 and Sonnet 147, while also demonstrating the duality of Shakespeares heart. Sonnet 116 reveals to a careful reader the aspects of Shakespeares concept of what ideal love is. However, Sonnet 147 shows the danger of believing in this ideal form of love. These two sonnets perfectly complement and clarify each other whileRead MoreRomeo and Juliet: Romeos emotions for Juliet compared to Rosaline941 Words   |  4 Pagesparadox situation, as he is in love with his â€Å"enemy†. In this essay, I will be analysing and comparing Romeo’s feelings for Rosaline to his feelings for Juliet. Near the opening of the play, Romeo describes his love for Rosaline to Benvolio. Shakespeare uses oxymorons to express Romeo’s feelings. â€Å"O heavy lightness, serious vanity, Misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms! Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health, I, i, 178-180 The use of oxymorons such as ‘heavy lightness’ andRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth Draft1040 Words   |  5 PagesStuart Wodzro Honours English 9, Block 2 Shakespeare Essay February 26, 2016 MacBeth Draft No. 3 The strive for power is a human impulse, perhaps even a primitive compulsion. 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A love that must revolve aroundRead MoreThe Guilty Mind in Shakespeare ´s Macbeth Essay1417 Words   |  6 PagesThey will lose control of their mind, possibly committing more crimes and live a life of fear and hide their sins. Shakespeare reveals his messages in three different concrete symbols through ought the play; they are the candle, the crown and the dagger. These symbols appear in different times and shapes, but they are related to each other and represent one message from Shakespeare, guilt. Lady Macbeth is satisfied to become queen but she cannot get away from what she did. Lady Macbeth thinks ifRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth - The Age Old Battle Of Good Versus Evil992 Words   |  4 Pageslight and darkness. Blood is shown throughout William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, and plays a key role in the building of the story’s conflicts. Blood represents life, but Shakespeare depicts blood in the alternative dark version, showing where there is life there is death and without death there is no life. In Macbeth the main characters are faced with many challenges and struggles. Blood can be seen as the choices or sins that Macbeth and his wife has made; as the play goes on Shakespeare shows howRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado : William Shakespeare1450 Words   |  6 PagesMelanie Bottini Ruiz-Velasco English 221 Final Paper 17 December 2014 The Cask of Amontillado: Shakespeare in American Literature There are a few names in literature which represent the ability to captivate an audience with suspense and gloom. Though masters of different genres, Edgar Allen Poe and William Shakespeare both embody this unique ability. One of Poe’s work in particular resembles the beauty and darkness that is found in Shakespeare’s tragedies. In the intriguing short story â€Å"The Cask of AmontilladoRead More Use of Tension in William Shakespeares Macbeth Essay examples1629 Words   |  7 Pages Shakespeare ´s play Macbeth is set in the heart of Scotland. The king at the time is king Duncun, a noble and honest king. He has two sons and many Thanes and noble men, one being Macbeth. Macbeth has fought his way up the ranks of the army to become one of Duncun ´s most trusted Lords, but an encounter with three witches puts wickedness into the heart of an otherwise noble and loyal man. In act 1, scene 1, a scene of three witches confronts us. This alone would haveRead Moreromeo and Juliet metaphor essay932 Words   |  4 Pagesmadness that drove them to be together would eventually take their lives. The playwright Shakespeare utilizes metaphors in Romeo and Juliet to help us better understand the emotionally charged and complex relationship dynamics amongst the main protagonists. Metaphors are a useful literary device that help enhance the readers interpretation of the author s intent and they provide clarity to the context. Juliet s love is being expressed through the use of multiple complex metaphors that intensify the

Market Structures Of The Market - 1198 Words

INTRODUCTION Market Structures are classified in term of the presence or absence of competition. When competition is absent, the market is said to be concentrated. There is a spectrum, from perfect competition to pure monopoly. Market structure is the physical characteristics of the market within which firms interact. It involves the number of firms in the market and the barriers to entry. Perfect competition, with an infinite number of firms, and monopoly, with a single firm, are polar opposites. In standard usage of the term, competition may also imply certain virtues. Markets are the heart and soul of a capitalist economy, and varying degrees of competition lead to different market structures, with differing implications for the outcomes of the market place. This entry will discuss the following market structures that result from the successively declining degrees of competition in the market for a particular commodity. These elements are perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. Based on the differing outcomes of different market structures, economists consider some market structures more desirable, from the point of view of the society, than others. Market Structure: Monopoly, Oligopoly, Monopolistic and Perfect Competition An oligopoly is a market form in which a market or industry is dominated by a small number of sellers. Oligopolies can result from various forms of collusion which reduce competition and leadShow MoreRelatedThe Market Structures Of A Market Structure962 Words   |  4 Pagesfour market structures that function in the worldwide market. Each of these market structures correlates with one another to create the demand and supply of the market. However, these market structures have some unique traits that no other theory can have alike. Therefore, a comparison and contrast is necessary to distinguish each of these theories from one another. These market structures of the economy are perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. These market structuresRead MoreMarket Structure Of The Market Structures1779 Words   |  8 Pagesmayor to look at various market structures. I plan to provide excellent information and answer all the questions that will help the mayor understand the market structures of many of the businesses in his city. According to Arthur Levitt, the tension between centrality, on the one hand, and competition, on the other, is probably the oldest of all market structure issues (Levitt, n.d.). Market structures are being used daily to help foster companies. Describe each market structure discussed in the courseRead MoreThe Market Structures853 Words   |  4 PagesThe four defined market structures include perfect competition, monopoly, monopolist, and oligopoly. Although firms within these four different structures compete within the economic market together, each have their distinct characteristic. Perfect competition includes producers who all produce the same good. When looking at perfect competition you will see that both the buyers and sellers are price takers. The agricultural market is one of the few perfectly competitive markets. A monopoly consistRead MoreMarket Structures2710 Words   |  11 PagesKenya Institute of Management Diploma Course in Management Economics Work Based Assignment Done By: Daniel Mwathe Mugo Student No: NRB-44592 Table of Contents Question 2 Market Structures 3 Monopoly 3 Equilibrium Price and Output 3 Price Discrimination 5 Advantages of Monopoly 5 Disadvantages of Monopoly 6 Monopolistic Competition 6 Characteristics of Monopolistic Competition 6 Equilibrium level 6 Oligopoly 7 Features of Oligopoly 8 Competition and Collusion 8 Duopoly:Read MoreMarket Structure : A Competitive Market1359 Words   |  6 PagesMarket structure is about the number of competition that exists in a market among producers. The level of competition can be thought of as a continuous sequence with very competitive market at one end and the other end consist of market in which no competition exists. Market structure is important because of the implications it has for conduct and performance and the fact that it has an impact upon the strategic possibilities which faces the organization. Perfect competition This market structureRead MoreMarket Structures1479 Words   |  6 PagesBetween Market Structures ECO/365 April 13, 2015 Benjamin Zuckerman Differentiating Between Market Structures Coca-Cola Company is one of the world’s leading soft drinks manufacturers. Since its creation, the company has been growing constantly. Today Coca-Cola manufactures more than 500 brands of products sold in more than 200 countries all over the world. Coca-Cola’s main competitor is Pepsi. Therefore, the two companies make up a duopoly where only two companies dominate the market. BothRead MoreMarket Structures1503 Words   |  7 PagesMarket Structures The purpose of this paper is to provide of different types of market structures as well as pricing and non-pricing strategies used in the various market structures. First, the team explores the pure competition market structure through the analysis to Fiji Water Company. Second, the oligopoly market structure with LOreal Group Cosmetic and Beauty Company. Third, explain the monopolistic competition market structure with Campbells Soup Company. Last, the team explains how QuasarRead MoreMarket Structure1104 Words   |  5 PagesI. MARKET STRUCTURE We can classify firms by the roles they play in the target market: leader, challenger, follower, or nicher. Suppose a market is occupied by the firms shown in Figure 1.1. Forty percent of the market is in the hands of a market leader; another 30 percent is in the hands of a market challenger; another 20 percent is in the hands of a market follower, a firm that is willing to maintain its market share and not rock the boat. The remaining 10 percent is in the hands of market nichersRead MoreMarket Structure2924 Words   |  12 PagesForms of Industrial Organization, Market Structure, and Pricing Karl University MBA 501 Abstract The team will identify the four market structures, Pure Monopoly, Oligopoly, Monopolist Competition and Pure Competition in the forms of industrial organization. Pure Monopoly is one firm or company that controls the whole market whether there may not or may be substitutes. Oligopoly is a market dominated by a few large producers of a homogeneous or differentiated product. MonopolisticRead MoreAnalysis Of Different Market Structures Of A Market Structure2335 Words   |  10 PagesDifferent Market Structures Student s name Course name and number Instructor s name Date submitted Analysis of Different Market Structures 1. Introduction The small number of market structure consultancies across the globe shows that the market structure concept is itself considerably new. Clearly, various market structure components have been widely studied over the years: derivatives, exchange, trading, and clearing. Even then, there has been no holistic examination of the whole market structure

Global Warming Affects International Business Free Essays

During the 20th century, the earth’s average surface temperature increased by 0. 6 °  ± (). 2 °C (Folland et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Warming Affects International Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2001), and there’s strong evidence that human activities are the main cause of this trend (Mitchell et al. 2001). This increase in global surface temperature is thought to have at least some effect on the frequency of extreme weather events due to climate changes (Folland et al. 2001), and there is concern that these changes will have an enormous impact on various industries (Hitz and Smith 2004). Balancing environmental measures with economic development, that is, working toward sustainable development, is the fundamental goal of global environmental policies, including those for global warming (Hijioka, Masui, Takahashi, Matsuoka, and Harasawa 2006). Over the last decade, scientists have extensively studied the greenhouse effect, which holds that the accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) is expected to produce global warming and other significant climatic changes over the next century (Mendelsohn, Nordhaus and Shaw, 1994). In this essay, we will be discussing about the impact to an analysis of global warming change effects on agriculture and insurance industries, and some qualitative conclusions on the relative importance of the government decision. Numerous studies indicate major impacts on agriculture, especially if there is significant mid-continental drying and warming in the country (Mendelsohn et al. , 1994). Normally, sky-high food prices reflect scarcity caused by crop failure. Stocks are run down as everyone lives off last year’s stores. This year harvests have been poor in some places, notably Australia, where the drought-hit wheat crop failed for the second year running. And world cereals stocks as a proportion of production are the lowest ever recorded. The run-down has been accentuated by the decision of large countries (America and China) to reduce stocks to save money (Peterson, 1979). With respect to research on global warming, United States and other international research programs are aiming towards improving future predictions. Such programs are arguably weakest in modelling feedbacks from human activities, including effects of trends towards greater urbanization and deforestation on local and regional climates. Economic incentives and culturally motivated practices are in large part driving changes in land use. Understanding incentives and responses by individuals, companies, and governments in developing countries will strengthen the human behavioural component of feedbacks to the climate system. U. S farm policy merits reform to increase farmers’ flexibility in responding to climatic changes without financial penalties that government programs may potentially give to such responses. Besides, government also introduce price support programs to inhibit climate change adaptation. Subsidies, tariffs and non-tariff barriers continue to distort world trade in agriculture and food. Subsidised prices reduce the ability of farmers in non-subsidising countries to earn a sustainable income and generate the capital required to increase production and improve productivity (Hill, Cronk and Wickramasekera, 2011). For example, today’s farmers are paid any positive difference between the support price for any program commodity and the international market price. International commodity markets smooth the price effects of production and consumption shocks, so changes in the patterns of food consumption induced by climate change thus are tempered by open trade or called free trade (Robert and Sally, 1995). Free trade occurs when there is an absence of barriers to the free flow of goods and services between countries Free trade might also increase the efficiency with which a country’s stock of resources of resources, as increased supplies of labour and capital from abroad become available for use within the country (Hill, Cronk and Wickramasekera, 2011). One manifestation insight is the joint implementation approach to greenhouse gas reductions initiated by several countries, including the U. S. Under joint implementation, the least costly projects to reduce greenhouse gas emissions or enhance carbon sinks can be pursued jointly across countries by, in essence, giving private agents and governments opportunities to meet emission reduction targets anywhere and in cooperation with ay others around the world. For example, forestry projects are one of the important outcomes of joint implementation in agriculture industry. Planting trees in reforestation or afforestation projects enhances the absorptive capacity of the biosphere and leads to carbon dioxide reductions in the atmosphere(Robert and Sally, 1995). Besides, Tesco, a European supermarket chain, is beginning a program to provide a global warming rating for everything it sells (Scot, 2007). The chain is creating an index to measure the â€Å"carbon footprint† required to produce, package, and transport ach product in its stores. Consumers can then include the carbon footprint along with price and product quality when making purchasing decisions. Weather and climate are ‘‘core business’’ for the insurance industry. Many extreme weather events such as cyclones, hailstorms, bushfires and floods are projected to increase in either intensity or frequency under climate change. A changing, less predictable climate has the potential to reduce the insurance industry’s capacity to calculate, price and spread this weather-related risk. In Australia, 19 out of the 20 most costly natural disasters, in terms of property insurance losses, have been weather related (Michael, 2007). While insurers face huge risks for society’s failure to act to curb greenhouse gas emissions, there are untapped opportunities for the insurance industry to use its financial muscle to push for changes in government policies as well as damaging business practices of the oil and fossil fuel power generating companies and the auto industry, to name the most obvious (Carrie, 2003). Analysis of the risks associated with climate change provides insurance companies with a working example of the benefits in considering long-term as well as short term issues. Understanding long-term risks and opportunities enables insurers to ensure our business is sustainable in the long term, while generating enduring shareholder value (Michael, 2007). Insurers and reinsurers using their considerable financial resources as â€Å"catalysts† for the development of renewable, emission reductions and energy efficient technologies could serve the industry by reducing risks and opening up new lines of business activity (Carrie, 2003). Government is committed to undertaking further research to increase the scientific understanding of the impacts of global warming, to identify ways to reduce the impact that global warming is expected to have on society and to identify insurance based, policies incentives for a reduction in future greenhouse gas emissions. However, success in dealing with this global problem requires action across the entire economy. While we are learning more about the economics and geophysics of global warming, policy makers should continue to seek ways to minimize social costs of climate change and change mitigation, a process which the economics profession has much to contribute. Prominent examples of efficiency-enhancing policy measures are he promotion of free trade, the liberalization of farm policy, and the joint implementation of greenhouse gas reduction objectives under the Framework Convention on Climate change (Robert and Sally, 1995). Climate change presents a strong case for the need for business, governments and community groups to work together to find sustainable solutions to this critical challenge of the 21st century (Michael, 2007). How to cite Global Warming Affects International Business, Papers

Brutus always acts in an honourable manner and is right to kill Caesar Essay Example For Students

Brutus always acts in an honourable manner and is right to kill Caesar Essay Literature has brought to surface some of the world’s greatest geniuses, most notably the renowned playwright, William Shakespeare. Shakespeare was born in 1594 in Stratford-upon-Avon. He produced numerous masterpieces throughout his lifetime, such as Julius Caesar. Julius Caesar was one of Shakespeare’s shortest plays and was first performed in 1601 in Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre. The plot revolves around Julius Caesar, an incredibly ambitious and triumphant leader who returns victoriously from war. Upon his return, it is suggested that his greatest ambition may come true and he will be announced as the ruler of Rome. However, it is obvious that the other characters in the play are not in favour of this decision and this ultimately leads to his death by the hands of his loyal servant, Brutus. Brutus is genuinely patriotic and his choice to kill Caesar is potentially driven by his loyalty to his nation. The plot then focuses on Brutus and his fight to achieve peace for Rome, eventually leading to a war with Caesar’s close friend, Mark Antony. The play revolves around Brutus and the aftermath of his decision to kill Caesar. This essay will evaluate Brutus’s actions and will determine whether his decision to kill Caesar was truly justified. Throughout the play, there are several instances in which the people of Rome show respect for Brutus. Although Caesar is considered to be ranked very high in the hierarchy, it is often considered that both Brutus and Caesar are equal. For example, Cassius states, â€Å"What should be in that ‘Caesar’? Why should that name be sounded more than yours? † (Act I, scene ii, 142-143). Cassius compares the name of ‘Brutus’ with ‘Caesar’, and by doing so, he is indirectly comparing their reputations. Hence, Cassius believes that Brutus has just as much power and support to rule Rome as Caesar. It can also be observed that several Romans look up to Brutus and his honourable nature. This is demonstrated in a quotation by Casca, â€Å"O he sits high in all the people’s hearts†¦Ã¢â‚¬  . This quotation especially reinforces the fact that Brutus is a good character because it is said by Casca, who is not impressed very easily. Another situation which shows that Brutus is admired by the Romans can be seen when Cassius states, â€Å"I have heard Where many of the best respect in Rome (Except immortal Caesar), speaking of Brutus†¦Ã¢â‚¬  . In this quotation, Cassius is emphasizing the fact that Brutus is so commendable that even powerful Romans respect him. Along with being an esteemed figure in Rome, Brutus is also highly ranked and successful. This can be seen when Cassius says, â€Å"And look you lay it in the praetor’s chair,† . Cassius uses the word ‘praetor’ which also means ‘judge’. Therefore, this shows that Brutus has a significant amount of power and is above many people. In general, Brutus is a good character in the eyes of many, is just and is greatly devoted to his nation. Brutus’s main goal throughout the play is to achieve peace for Rome, and therefore, he justifies this as the reason for Caesar’s unfortunate demise. Brutus continually brings up the point that Caesar will not be a good leader for Rome. When Brutus states, â€Å"It if aught toward the general good, Set honour in one eye and death i‘th’other,† , it shows that Brutus simply wants what is best for Rome. Brutus is willing to do anything in order to protect the tranquillity of his nation, whether that involves murder or not. The key aspect that makes Brutus a good character is the fact that he does not kill Caesar because of envy, greed or for the good of himself, but for the love of his country. This is seen on several occasions such as when he states, â€Å"It must be by his death. .u7106bdc5a6640128d5966c80810829da , .u7106bdc5a6640128d5966c80810829da .postImageUrl , .u7106bdc5a6640128d5966c80810829da .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7106bdc5a6640128d5966c80810829da , .u7106bdc5a6640128d5966c80810829da:hover , .u7106bdc5a6640128d5966c80810829da:visited , .u7106bdc5a6640128d5966c80810829da:active { border:0!important; } .u7106bdc5a6640128d5966c80810829da .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7106bdc5a6640128d5966c80810829da { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7106bdc5a6640128d5966c80810829da:active , .u7106bdc5a6640128d5966c80810829da:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7106bdc5a6640128d5966c80810829da .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7106bdc5a6640128d5966c80810829da .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7106bdc5a6640128d5966c80810829da .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7106bdc5a6640128d5966c80810829da .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7106bdc5a6640128d5966c80810829da:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7106bdc5a6640128d5966c80810829da .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7106bdc5a6640128d5966c80810829da .u7106bdc5a6640128d5966c80810829da-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7106bdc5a6640128d5966c80810829da:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Who Killed Romeo? Kenny Lee 10S EssayAnd for my part I know no personal cause to spurn at him But for general,† . Brutus is merely killing Caesar for the sole reason that he does not want a tyrant to rule Rome. However, he has nothing against Caesar and is not making this decision based on jealousy, unlike the other conspirators. Brutus says, â€Å"This shall make Our purpose necessary, and not envious,† which means that he does not want the death of Caesar to be like a murder, but rather a solution to a cause. Brutus’s genuine loyalty towards both Caesar and his nation can be seen when he says, â€Å"not that I love Caesar less, but that I love Rome more,† . His true motive is evident in this quotation and proves his patriotism. His objective was entirely different from that of the conspirators as he never intended to eliminate Caesar for the sake of envy. It is also apparent that Brutus has a conscience and is not ruthless because he greatly contemplates whether he should kill Caesar or not. The quotation, â€Å"I have been up this hour, awake all night,† indicates that Brutus is giving this decision a lot thought and thus shows that he has a sense of integrity. Even after Caesar is killed, Brutus shows no sign of guilt and stands by his decision. It is clear that Brutus shows no signs of regret when he announces to the Romans, â€Å"Our reasons are so full of good,† . The circumstances in the play suggest that Brutus’s decision to kill Caesar revolved around a noble cause, and that he was acting for the good of the nation by doing so. Although Brutus continuously proves that his aims are morally correct, there are a few instances in which his greed for power can be seen. It is very likely that the flaws in Brutus’s character are the main reason for his tragic downfall. One of Brutus’s major flaws is the fact that he is easily influenced by Cassius’s views. On several occasions, Cassius attempts to influence Brutus by provoking his ego by suggesting that the people of Rome want Brutus to lead them. An example of this is when Cassius states, â€Å"I have heard Where many of the best respect in Rome,† . Despite the fact that it was Cassius who planted the seed in Brutus’s mind, it was Brutus who decided to follow through with the plan. It can be assumed that Brutus’s decision was influenced by Cassius’s statements. Another weakness in Brutus’s character is his bad judgement. When Brutus says, â€Å"And therefore think him as a serpent’s egg, (Which, hatch’d, would as his kind grow mischievous) And kill him in the shell,† , it is clear that Brutus is not entirely good because he does not want to give Caesar a chance. His judgement is therefore questionable in this situation. During the course of the play, Brutus seems to believe that his motives are morally right. However, his uncertainty can be observed when he tells his wife, Portia, â€Å"I am not well in health†¦Ã¢â‚¬  . If Brutus truly believed he was doing a good deed, he would have told Portia the truth. It is possible that Brutus’s objectives were not entirely right judging by the fact that he was unsure of whether he was doing good for Rome. After killing Caesar, Brutus’s arrogance can be observed on several occasions. At one point, Brutus even believes that he is above Cassius when he states, â€Å"Away slight man! † . This shows a negative aspect in Brutus’s behaviour as he is no longer humble and takes advantage of his ‘power’. The irony in this situation is that Brutus is acting in a way in which he feared Caesar would. The idea of Brutus becoming into a tyrant like Caesar is reinforced when Cassius states, â€Å"When Caesar liv’d, he durst not thus have mov’d me,† . In that statement, Cassius is comparing Brutus with Caesar, and by doing so, he is calling Brutus a tyrant. .u2b41bd6d77a9f7d280b1816f66019c30 , .u2b41bd6d77a9f7d280b1816f66019c30 .postImageUrl , .u2b41bd6d77a9f7d280b1816f66019c30 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2b41bd6d77a9f7d280b1816f66019c30 , .u2b41bd6d77a9f7d280b1816f66019c30:hover , .u2b41bd6d77a9f7d280b1816f66019c30:visited , .u2b41bd6d77a9f7d280b1816f66019c30:active { border:0!important; } .u2b41bd6d77a9f7d280b1816f66019c30 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2b41bd6d77a9f7d280b1816f66019c30 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2b41bd6d77a9f7d280b1816f66019c30:active , .u2b41bd6d77a9f7d280b1816f66019c30:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2b41bd6d77a9f7d280b1816f66019c30 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2b41bd6d77a9f7d280b1816f66019c30 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2b41bd6d77a9f7d280b1816f66019c30 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2b41bd6d77a9f7d280b1816f66019c30 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2b41bd6d77a9f7d280b1816f66019c30:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2b41bd6d77a9f7d280b1816f66019c30 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2b41bd6d77a9f7d280b1816f66019c30 .u2b41bd6d77a9f7d280b1816f66019c30-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2b41bd6d77a9f7d280b1816f66019c30:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The way in which Shakespeare dramatizes the prejudices of his own society in the court scene of The Merchant of Venice EssayThe idea of Brutus’s ignorance is continued in the quotation, â€Å"Young man, thou couldst not die more honourable,† . Brutus is being very egoistic by saying that it should be an honour to be killed by a man like him. A definite change in Brutus’s character can be seen throughout the play. His usual modesty remains lacking towards the end of the play as he becomes conscious of his power. Although Brutus was not initially greedy for power, his egoistic side subconsciously leads to his desire for staying in power. The irony in this situa In the beginning of the play, Brutus is evidently a good person and shows indefinite loyalty towards his nation. Brutus appears to be willing to sacrifice a lot, including his friendship, in order to achieve peace for Rome. However, throughout the course of the play, Brutus’s personality shows a change in which his greed for dominance can be observed. However, despite the fact that he became greedy for power, his motives did not change and he still desired the best for Rome. Hence, it can be concluded that although Brutus changed in a negative way, a part of his consciousness remained intact which urged him to remain noble. His decision to kill Caesar was not driven by envy, unlike the other conspirators, but by the love for his country. Whether Brutus was right to kill Caesar or not, he still remained honourable till the very end. The world will never truly know whether Brutus’s intentions were falsified, but one fact is for certain: as said by Mark Antony, Brutus was truly â€Å"the noblest man of them all†.

Colobus Monkey Essays - Colobine Monkeys, Red Colobus, Black Colobus

Colobus Monkey In Africa there are many types of animals, one of them is the Colobus Monkey. There are different types of Colobus Monkeys: there is the white Colobus, the red Colobus, and the olive Colobus. The Colobus Monkey is a long tailed tree living primate. The Colobus Monkey can be found all over Africa. The Monkey's hair color varies from were the live. The Colobus Monkey is very unique. It comes in many types of color, is very active in social behavior and is very smart as shown in their lifestyle. The Colobus Monkey comes in many unique colors. The black and white Colobus is found across the equator of Africa. There are five species, among which the color varies from all black to a skunklike black and white pattern. Black and white Colobus monkeys weigh up to nine kg, or twenty pounds. They live in small social groups of about ten animals, that includes one adult male plus females and their offspring. The red Colobus Monkey is found across Africa from Zanzibar to Senegal. Their color is highly variable, ranging from a bright white and red in the monkeys of Eastern Africa to a dark gray and orange in Western African monkeys. They also weigh up to nine kg, or twenty pounds. Males are usually bigger than females. The red Colobus lives in large groups of up to one hundred individuals, including mostly males. It is a major prey of the chimpanzee in forest, where they both live. The olive Colobus is found in the forest of coastal West Africa. It is the most drably colored of the African Colobus Monkey, being a fairly uniform gray-brown. It weighs only ten pounds and lives in groups of six to eight individuals. After giving birth, the females sometimes carry their infants in their mouths. The red Colobus is a little bit smaller than the black and white group. The olive Colobus is the smallest of all at only four hundred fifty-mm. head and body length. ?The Colobus Monkey doesn't live in very many places. The Colobus Monkey lives in the tropical areas and forest. They are found in the tropical region of Africa.? (mcsd.org/webmac/schools/ogs/colobusmonk.htm) This backups information on where the primate is located. All three species can be grossly classified as primarily frusluogous and insectiuonous, which means they eat mostly, flowers and fruits, although some buds and leaves are eaten by all. ?Colobus means ?mutilated? it refers to the thumb. The Colobus Monkey does not have a thumb in stead it is usually just a bump. ?The name ?colobus? is derived from the Greek word ?mutilated?. (home.san.rr.com/safari/animals/primates/colobusmonkey.html) Colobus Monkeys are unusual in that they appear to have no thumbs, hence they appear mutilated?. The Colobus Monkey behaves actively in social behavior. Each group is dominated by a male who spends most of the day on lookout and yells a deep roar when out of sight of the rest of the group. Grooming plays a most important part in the monkeys. Colobus Monkeys enjoy playing with one-another. The Western black and white Colobus has one series of subspecies ranging from Guinea in the west to Western Nigeria and the much larger area of population until a further series of subspecies in Cameroon, Gabry, Congo, Zaire, Northern Argdu and eastwards into Western Uganda and Tanzania. Colobus monkeys move around quadrapedally but they also resort to semi-brarchiation at times. Foraging groups are based upon a single male with a number of females and their offspring and these may unite at times to form larger groupings. The gestation period for red Colobus Monkeys is not exactly known. From copulation records and the approximate date of birth, females were estimated to have a gestation period of about four to five months. Colobus Monkeys are very intelligent. Colobus Monkeys spend almost all of their lives in the trees, occasionally descending to the ground. Colobus Monkeys usually live in forest at altitudes of between seven thousand and nine thousand feet. Usually monkeys keep to the security of the high trees where they are safe from leopards and other tree climbing predators. They eat the juicy leaves of a scencio climber, the leaves of an imparted pepper tree. They also eat leaves from the undergrowth. The

Fall Of Communism Essays - Politics, Political Philosophy, Socialism

Fall Of Communism Essays - Politics, Political Philosophy, Socialism Fall Of Communism fall of Communism in Russia/Soviet Union By Andy Chambers Communism in the USSR was doomed from the onset. Communism was condemned due to lack of support from other nations, condemned due to corruption within its leadership, condemned due to the moral weakness of humanity, making what is perfect on paper, ineffective in the real world. The end of this system was very violent. It left one of the two most powerful nations in the world fearful of what was to come. Communism can either be called a concept or system of society. In a society that follows the communist beliefs groups own the major

Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Assignment 2 - Essay Example ve with regard to what computer systems their software runs on and what computer systems it does not through sabotaging the Max OS X operating system. The situation with Apple is more complex and deserves a more concrete explanation. Apple produces an operating system which is supposed to only run on machines which are made by Apple. In recent times, Apple moved to the Intel processors and along with this move, it left the door open for other companies to use the same motherboard and chips to provide Mac clones. One such company is Psystar, which has produced computers running Mac OS X at rates which are much cheaper than comparative Apple computers. The exclusivity of Mac OS X running on Apple made machines is therefore under threat and it is likely that Apple would want to put a stop to this. At the same time, there have been court rulings which hold â€Å"that a software publisher cant require you to run an operating system on a specific type of hardware (Himowitz, 2008, Pg. 1)†. However, there is nothing stopping Apple from releasing an update to its Mac OS X system which stops the computer from running if an ‘unauthorized’ system is detected. Essentially, Apple â€Å"can always sabotage the usurper by issuing updates that wont run on the alien machine, or that disable it (Himowitz, 2008, Pg. 1)†. Here, sabotage may be entirely legal and the only result of the sabotage would be that a lot of the people using Psystar created Apple computers could be left holding the bag. Apple has done the same in the past with its iPhone devices which were hacked to run on wireless carriers other than the ones licensed by Apple. The laws and the ethics concerning this topic need to be defined further since once a buyer has purchased a device or has bought a piece of software it should be permissible for them to use it any way they like. Apple should not be able to sabotage an iPhone which is not being used in the manner Apple would like to see it being used. If Apple

Homework Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Homework - Research Paper Example Innovation also calls for employment of qualified personnel, who brainstorm to come up with better products and ensuring excellent services to consumers. Companies achieve innovation through creation of new goods or services that disrupt consumers buying patterns or through incremental improvements on the existing products thereby increasing their life. This paper discusses the crucial role balanced scorecard plays in communicating organisation strategies and hence achieving innovation and competitive advantage over other companies. ... et targets and get above it Every two weeks Operations metrics It establish whether operations are flowing as scheduled and avoid last minute surprises on orders Every day Learning and growth (Employees) perspective Employees satisfaction Evaluate employees to establish their level of satisfaction Every month Employees turnover or retention Get a report from HR of recruitments and exits of employees Every six months Level of organisation capability Empowering employees through training and encouraging them to further their education improves an organisations capability Make it a policy for employees to engage in learning activities Nature of organisation culture or climate Enables employees to coexist harmoniously with one another, create a satisfied team, and motivated team Maintain a motivated team Technological innovation Reward employees for invention of new products and introducing new ideas Every time it happens A balanced scorecard is the face value of an organization that con nects strategic objectives to one another. According to balanced scorecard institute website, â€Å"A balanced scorecard identifies the connection between creative capacity, efficient product development processes, improved customer and stakeholder value, and financial outcomes† (â€Å"Balanced scorecard institute,† 2000.) The above score card incorporates the mission and vision statements of a company, which form part of the strategic objectives. A vision statement of a company explains the reason for being. It inspires people to achieve more that they actually thought possible, allows stretching of resources to increase profitability, and unite employees towards a common goal. A vision statement forms the foundation of an organization values and influences its strengths and weaknesses. On

Voicing difference Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Voicing difference - Essay Example If the differences in gender were to be overcome, the whole process of how people think would have to be changed. If this were possible, then down the years, the word "gender" would no even be in usage! It is now vital here that we try to look at how this misconception was shaped in the minds of people in the first place. The disparity in gender generally starts with this accepted norm of delegating various roles according to sex. Even though it has been stated earlier that sex and gender are different, they are very much co-related. There are a set of rules accorded to women and likewise different ones for men. Women are usually seen as the care-givers while men, as the bread-winners. This process starts as soon as a person is born. Right from childhood a boy is expected to be inclined towards "manly" things that require exertion of strength that is derived from masculinity. On the contrary girls are supposed to be drawn towards activities and interests like cooking and dolls. If this distinction was somehow crossed, the wrong-doer would surely be chastised or at the very least warned like David is in "Go,Carolina", when he is told, "You don't want to be doing that, that's a girl thing."1.Therefore gender represses a person's natural reflexes. It makes one do something not because one wants to but b ecause one has to. Gender

CARL ROGERS PERSON-CENTRED APPROACH

CARL ROGERS PERSON-CENTRED APPROACH Introduction Carl Rogers (1902-1987) a psychologist developed the person-centred approach theory mainly in relation to the therapist and the client and initially named it the client-centred approach. Rogers later referred to this theory as person-centred rather than patient-centred in order not to reduce the individuals autonomy and consequently lend the client to difficulties. The approach therefore is to turn individuals (clients) into subjects of their own therapy. In his theory it was noted that individuals are endowed with the power of self actualization and through their own perception of resources inherent in them, they can provide remedy for change in their difficult situations, provided a facilitating environment exists This view as expressed by Rogers implied that every person has a tendency to grow and attain a certain level of actualization. He observed that in order to allow the client (person) asses his/her own wisdom and self defeating behaviours and also engage in therapeutic move ment with the therapist, there must be a conducive climate. Three conditions were identified for this relationship to thrive favourably: Genuineness (Congruence), Empathy and Unconditional Positive Regard. GENUINENESS (Congruence) In this relationship the therapist is expected to show a real sense of genuine attitude towards the clients feelings and thoughts, be willing and ever present to assist them in whatever situation they may be. He should be transparent and discourage the attitude of being the superior in the situation. This attitude would in turn retain a high sense of confidence in the client towards realization of him/herself in therapy. Any deviation from this attitude renders the process unworkable. UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD (Total Acceptance) According to Rogers, the therapist in this situation must show non-judgemental and total acceptance to the clients feelings and his perceptive world as a whole to enhance his process of recovery. This total acceptance of the clients attitude and perception should be devoid of whatsoever differences that might exist between them either culturally or socially. However in doing so the therapist should ensure the safety and security of the client. EMPATHETIC UNDERSTANDING In his theory, showing empathy refers to the ability of the therapist to show positive sensitivity to the clients world, his perception towards recovery and also communicate his feelings to the client. This will convey a special meaning to the client of his relationship with the therapist and consequently solidify their mutual relationship towards the expected therapeutic movement. Rogers continue to state that any deviation from these attitudes on the part of the therapist makes it difficult for the process to continue. This empathetic attitude is more exhibited by therapists who are more confident about their own identity and can cope with other persons world without any fear. PERSON-CENTREDNESS AS A CONCEPT Person-centeredness a concept in health care delivery has poor and conflicting definitions over the years and is considered one of the best ways of health care delivery in which patients are valued as individuals (Winfield et al. 1996). It has further been observed by (Slater 2006; Leplege et al 2007), that the concept of person-centredness has been described using different terms like patient-centred, client-centred, person-centred interchangeably which makes it most often unclear which consistent term to use in the description of the concept. Notwithstanding all these difficulties, Kitwood (1997) defined person-centredness as a standing or status that is bestowed upon one human being by others in the context of relationship and social being. It implies recognition, respect and trust. (p.8) Kitwood (1997) further used person-centredness to formulate ideas and ways of working which puts much emphasis on communication and building relationships in care. Brooker (2004), elaborating on person-centred approach found out that the definition of the term has such characteristics as:  · Respecting and valuing the individual as a full member of society  · Providing individualised places of care that are in line with peoples changing needs  · Understanding the perspective of the person and providing a supportive social psychology in order to help people live a life of relative well-being. Dwelling on these definitions of Kitwood and Brooker, it is evident that they are built on the works of Carl Rogers (1950), which developed person-centred approach as a way of facilitating psychological growth (Natiello 2001).In addition a critical look at Kitwoods definitions definitions showed that personhood has been considered very essential. (Dewing 2008) observed that Person-centredness is often associated with gerontological nursing and more particularly issues relating to dementia care and have personhood as a basis of promoting its practice. It is therefore relevant to explore the philosophical and theoretical underpinnings of personhood in as much as it recognised in person-centredness (Baker 2001; Ford McCormack 2000; Fares 1997). Baker (2001) declared that personhood is consistent with individuality and has three dimensions; the persons world which relates to understanding the persons needs, self relating to emotional and physical security and others which signify social and material world that considers the need for interventions and a sense of belonging and place. Similarly (Ford McCormack 2000) recognises personhood as the persons ability to rational make decision by virtue of his reflection on available needs, choices wants and desires. On the contrary this ability to make rational decisions might be difficult particularly in persons with dementia (Kitwood 1997), however choices can be offered to the person. Harre (1998, p.6) drawing on the work of Apter (1989),concludes that ; a sense of personal distinctiveness, a sense of personal continuity and a sense of personal autonomy important phenomenon that best described personhood. Elsewhere in literature, transcendence (a state beyond material or usual existence) has been referred to as an essential characteristic for description of personhood (Heron 1992 Kitwood 1990a, 1997).This goes to establish the assertion that personhood can be accessed from three type of literature- theology and spiritual, ethics and social psychology and each of these literature gives different meanings to attributes relating to personhood (Kitwood 1997, p.8). McCormack (2004) compared the definition of person-centredness by Kitwood and his own findings in an extensively reviewed literature and concludes that four concepts should be considered in describing person-centred nursing. These are: Being in Relation, Being in Social Context, Being In Place, Being With Self. Being In Relation Being in relationship emphasizes the point that, for any effective person-centred care to commence, continue and achieve success ,the nurse and the patient should be in a good interpersonal relationship and this relationship requires valuing of self, moral integrity, reflective ability, knowing self and others as derived from reflection on values and their place in the relationship. Being in relationship is also reflected in one of the seven attributes of person-centredness identified by Slaters (2006) concept analysis-evidence of a therapeutic relationship between person and health care provider. He further states that this relationship between the person and care provider must be one of mutuality, mutual trust and non-judgemental which does not take into consideration the balance of power. Being In Social Context This is the interconnectedness of persons with the social world in which individuals create meaning to themselves through being in the world. Being able to understand the social world of the person enables one to clearly identify things that are considered paramount in their lives Slater (2006). Being In Place Andrew (2003) declares that concept of place and its impact on health care delivery is poorly understood in nursing. Andrew further argued that places are not just physical but involve situated human intentions within them.(Andrew, 2003; Luckhurst Ray, 1997; Hussain Raczka, 1997) contends that attention must be paid to place in care relationships for its important role. In order for nurses to be facilitators of person-centredness, care values must be balanced with other organisational values no matter how difficult it might be, to enable the process of the concept to continue smoothly (Woods 2001). A similar idea was expressed by Johns (1995) that nurses cannot freely fulfil their moral obligation to patients without taking cognisance of organisational and professional implications. To buttress this McCormack et al (2002) asserts that whilst it is important for nurses to facilitate person-centredness, other contextual issues such as staff relationships, organisational systems, power differentials and the extent to which the organisation tolerates innovative practices and risk taking should be worth noting. Being with Self Knowing self is very central in person-centred nursing approach. This is important in that, health care providers need to identify their personal values first in order to respect the values of other patients under their care, to avoid trampling over their autonomy and cultural needs paramount to person-centredness (Downs, 1997; Ford McCormack, 2001; McCormack, 2001b; Nolan, 2000).Further, knowing self enables the nurse to make comparisons of current lifestyles and behaviours of the patient with his preferences and values of life in general as a clue to enhance care process (Meyers,1999). PERSON-CENTRED PRACTICE BASED ON AUTHENTIC CONSCIOUSNESS Based on the four concepts- Being In place, Being In relationship, Being with self, Being In social context, McCormack (2003) outlined five conceptual models in consistent with current nursing principles. These are: Authentic consciousness (McCormack 2001a, 2001b, 2003 and 2004), Positive person work (Packer 2003), the senses Framework (Nolan et al 2001), Skilled companionship (Titchen 2000, 2001 p.80) and The Burford Nursing Development unit model (Johns 1994). McCormack developed a conceptual framework for person-centredness practice based on Authentic consciousness. He identified five imperfect duties on which the framework will operationalize.further, McCormack (2003) declared that for person-centredness to operate effectively in practice, factors such as the patients value, the nurses values and the context of care environment. For the purpose of this study, imperfect duties and factors (Patients values, the nurses values, context of care environment) on which person-centred practice operationalize will be explored to highlight their effect on the concept. According to Immanuel Kants morale theory cited in (Sullivan, RJ 1990), imperfect duties are described as wide, broad and limited such that it gives room for discretion but within the rules of the organization within which one works. There is no means of offering an exhaustive and a priori account of how the duties are to be fulfilled. The five imperfect duties discussed earlier are as from (the conceptual framework of McCormack 2003):  · Informed flexibility: this is the facilitation of fdecision making based on information dissemination and the integration of new information into established perspectives and care practices.  · Mutuality: the recognition of the others values as being equally paramount in decision making.  · Transparency: making clear the intentions and motivations for action and the boundaries within which care decisions are set.  · Negotiation: patient participation through a culture of care that values the views of the patient as a legitimate basis for decision making while recognizing that being the final judge of decisions is of secondary importance.  · Sympathetic presence: this is an engagement takes into consideration the uniqueness and value of the individual by appropriately responding to cues that maximize coping resources through the recognition of important agendas in daily life. PATIENTS VALUES In person-centred practice respect for patients values are identified as being central in order to achieve an effective process of the concept (Dewing, J. 2002; William,B. Grant. 1998; McCormack 2001).It is important to develop a clear picture of what patients values about their life and how they make sense of what is happening around them. Helping the individual to have realization in care makes them to tolerate the incongruency of their illness and also helps them to plan for future, to do this, there is the need to build a baseline value history of the patient through biographical accounts and narrative story.(Meyers, D.T. 1989).The complex nature of most health care decisions couple with anxiety, fear of illness, dependency and other aggressive tendencies results in the patients decision making ability being diminished.( Buchanan Brock, 1989) Argued that if patients are left to be in total control of their health care decisions, most often than not their choice of treatment dec ision might not work effectively towards their well being as expected. They further argued that, as much as patients are expected to participate in decision making regarding their health, they should also be protected sometimes from harmful consequences of their own choices. According to Seedhouse, D. (1986) health has different meanings to different people and is also given various degrees of relevance by individuals. It therefore implies that there is no single care intervention that can be considered best for everyone. Whiles are a particular approach is applicable in one situation it may not be same in the other. In view of these, health care decisions need to adopt a negotiated approach between the patient and the practitioner (McCormack, 2001). NURSES VALUES In spite of partnership being a common phenomenon in person-centred practice where nurses are encouraged to be lenient in their presentation to patients, it is unusual for nurses to present their own views as a part of information that patients are given to help their decisions.Gadow (1980) argued that in as much as patients values should be dominant in the decision, nurses values also contribute to enhance the efficiency of the process but in a less explicit manner. Nurses expressing their values in care decisions should not really be a problem if there is partnership, since these will help the patient to have more insight into the nurses position regarding their care. CONTEXT OF PRACTICE ENVIRONMENT Despite more attention on nurses and patient values the care environment also play a significant role in the person-centred process in which there is the tendency to either promote or hinder its smooth running (McCormack et al 2002; Rycroft-Malone et al 2002).In facilitating person-centredness nurses are faced with difficulties of having to cope with the morale obligations to patients as well as organisational and professional implications (Johns, 1999).this situation has been confirmed by recent analysis f context undertaken by McCormack et al (2002). Yarling (1990) expressed a similar view to earlier researchers above that, in modern health care delivery, while nurses are expected to engage in autonomous decision making they are limited in exercising their authority. THE CONCEPT OF PERSON-CENTREDNESS IN REHABILITATION Clare et al. (2006) define rehabilitation as an individualized approach to helping people with cognitive impairments in which those affected, and their families work together with health care professionals to identify personal-relevant goals and strategies for addressing these. This definition clearly shows a connection between rehabilitation and the concept of person-centredness. Leplege et al (2007) argued that the notion of person-centredness have been used interchangeably as patient- centred ,client-centred, individual- centred, person-directed. Reasoning along this argument, implies that the term has a multidimensional use. In order to establish further the description of this terminology, Leplege and his colleagues undertook a conceptual analysis of person-centred concept in the field of rehabilitation and identified few supportive concepts that clearly elaborate on the use of the term. THE PERSONS SPECIFIC HOLISTIC PROPERTIES AND DIFFICULTIES IN EVERYDAY LIFE Person-centredness as a means of addressing the persons specific and holistic properties suggests that in dealing with individuals, their biological and psychosocial needs must be considered as paramount as opposed to classical analytic medical attention on the functionality of specific organs and related medications prescribed for relief of ailment. In their view regarding person-centredness in rehabilitation, the term seeks to address difficulties in everyday life of disabled persons in such a manner as to reflect their needs and social adjustment. Rehabilitation alone without person-centredness seems more technical and ignores other aspects of the patients life. PARTICIPATION AND EMPOWERMENT It is further argued that disabled persons be given more decisional autonomy in order to be aware of what is happening to them, the way they perceive treatment and care offered them and other variations about care available to them. Patients of disability should not be passive about interventions available to them; they should be allowed as key participants. It is however stressed that the concerns of disabled persons are not different from able persons and therefore equal attention is supposed to be given to both. RESPECTING THE PERSON BEHIND THE IMPAIRMENT Respecting the person in spite of his/her impairment or the disease reflects the notion that disabled persons be accorded the dignity and respect they deserve, because disability can be considered as part of normal life and therefore should not be treated with pity and stigmatization. Leplege et al therefore declared person-centredness as anti-reductionism which seeks to hold in high esteem views and rights of disabled persons in decision making regarding their health care. PERCEPTION OF PERSON-CENTRED NURSING ACROSS NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL DIVIDE The concept of person-centred care has long been associated with the nursing profession, and understood in principle as; establishing mutual trust and understanding with individuals, respecting their values and rights as a person, and developing therapeutic relationships with them and others associated with their care. The good aspect of delivering care in the philosophical context of person-centredness cannot be over emphasised, but it has been observed that translating the main concept into daily practice is always met with challenges (McCormack McCance 2006).The reasons for these inefficiencies manifest in different forms and are seldom indicative of the context in which care is delivered, coupled with constant changes that occur particularly within health and other social care sectors. Person-centredness has been in existence with health care delivery for some time now and is consistent with policy direction and reflected in many approaches to delivery of care. The concept manifests itself in policy directions across both national and international health care sectors. In the United Kingdom the concept of person-centredness is embedded in most health care policies such as The Dignity in Care Campaign (DoH, 2006) and The National Service Framework for older people (DoH 2001). Further, recent publications by the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) emphasised challenges for nurses and midwives in provision of dignified and sensitive care, in its report on health care. In Northern Ireland, the focus is on promoting person-centred standards- (respect, attitude, privacy and dignity, communication, behaviour) across health and social care sectors. It has been observed that within the health service, the drive to promote effectiveness and efficiency in performance management has not been high. As a result, patients, clients and their families receive less attention in care delivery as indicated in a range of quality and clinical indicators (DHSSPS 2007a; Nolan, 2007). Whilst the term person-centred care is rampant in the UK health and social care literature and policy documents, the underlying principles of person-centred care are similar to that of international movements that is focused on humanizing the health and social care experience. This is evident in the Skaevinge Project carried out in Denmark (Wagner L. 1994). In his action research, focus was on preventative work and also to ensure the rights of residents in care homes as citizens in society. This model again helps in putting to shape the future of residential care and the design of care homes internationally. Wagner infused into his work such principles underpinning person-centred care as autonomy, citizenship, dignity and respect, to enhance efficiency of his model. Health care policies around the world adopt these principles and use them in several policy frameworks related to social and health care sectors. In Australia for instance, person-centred care has been a solid foundation of facility accreditation in The Aged Care Standards and Accreditation Agency and the New South Wales department of nursing has its focus on enhancing practices and models of care to support person-centredness across all specialities. Developing models that enhance care and promote person-centred principles has become a vital issue in health and social care. A notable instance is the Institute for Health care Improvement (IHI) in the United States of America. Most governments in the West have initiated transformations and innovated frameworks in health and social services through most of the practices of the IHI. Majority of the plans initiated by these governments focused on person-centred care mainly through transformation systems and redesign of clinical services.

health care :: essays research papers

1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What conventional economic principles apply in the health care environment? Economics is defined as â€Å"The scientific study of the choices made by individuals and societies in regard to the alternative uses of scarce resources which are employed to satisfy wants (Rodda, 2004).† The health care environment is based off of uncertainty (i.e. accidents, death, etc) thus, we can expect a large amount of uncertainty towards the future. Since we know there is a lot of risk and uncertainty involved, we also know these are major measurements that the study of economics researches. Economics has some basic principles that are crucial to its theory. For instance, supply and demand is an important principle that affects the health care environment. What we know from this is that when demand rises, prices increase, and when supply rises, prices decrease. Currently, we can see this in Medicaid and Medicare today as demand for these services continue to increase as more older people continue to live longer lives. Another issue is costs. Costs are skyrocketing for healthcare and many can no longer afford it. The cost of healthcare continues to rise and many more are becoming uninsured. Another factor is a labor shortage. Nursing, and other areas in the hospital are becoming dangerously problematic. According to The American Association of College Nursing (AACN) between 1995 and 2002 the number of U.S. educated nursing school graduates who sat for the national licensure exam for RNs decreased from 96,438 to 66,286. They also stated that by 2010 more than a million new and replacement nurses will be needed because of increased health care demands and retirements. The average age of working RNs in 2000 was 43. health care :: essays research papers 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What conventional economic principles apply in the health care environment? Economics is defined as â€Å"The scientific study of the choices made by individuals and societies in regard to the alternative uses of scarce resources which are employed to satisfy wants (Rodda, 2004).† The health care environment is based off of uncertainty (i.e. accidents, death, etc) thus, we can expect a large amount of uncertainty towards the future. Since we know there is a lot of risk and uncertainty involved, we also know these are major measurements that the study of economics researches. Economics has some basic principles that are crucial to its theory. For instance, supply and demand is an important principle that affects the health care environment. What we know from this is that when demand rises, prices increase, and when supply rises, prices decrease. Currently, we can see this in Medicaid and Medicare today as demand for these services continue to increase as more older people continue to live longer lives. Another issue is costs. Costs are skyrocketing for healthcare and many can no longer afford it. The cost of healthcare continues to rise and many more are becoming uninsured. Another factor is a labor shortage. Nursing, and other areas in the hospital are becoming dangerously problematic. According to The American Association of College Nursing (AACN) between 1995 and 2002 the number of U.S. educated nursing school graduates who sat for the national licensure exam for RNs decreased from 96,438 to 66,286. They also stated that by 2010 more than a million new and replacement nurses will be needed because of increased health care demands and retirements. The average age of working RNs in 2000 was 43.