Cameron and Obama Show Unity on Afghanistan Essay

Cameron and Obama Show Unity on Afghanistan - Essay Example Hoffman portrays the psychological oppressor bunches as â€Å"rational actors† who are threatening for increasing political force. The equivalent was exercized by Israel in 1946 to get a different country from Palestinians. They slaughtered 91 individuals and threatened them to look for political force. Today, in spite of the fact that the president Obama is a lot of stick on his footings to take extreme measures against Iran for its atomic program yet what keeps him bound is the moving toward races. Since US isn't yet prepared to trigger firearms against Iran since she has a solid assessment from the open that they ought not settle on any war further after the unpleasant experience of Afghanistan and Iraq. US is keeping down its fear based oppressor approaches yet for the addition of political force as it can turn the majority against him. The game that each fear monger plays is for the addition of intensity and legislative issues, so are doing the enormous political forces l ike US and Britain. The declaration of authoritarianism in Afghanistan and Libya has been a wonder of much worry for the world. Since the force US and its partners have communicated regarding increasing world harmony is ludicrous. Be that as it may, unquestionably the meaning of fear based oppression contrasts for each one. Despite the fact that the USA is demonstrating dread in Afghanistan, Iraq and Libya however it isn't seen as fear based oppressor in that basic term of dread as Al-Qaeda or Osama receptacle Laden is being seen. The gathering among US and Britain assert that Hoffman was directly in explaing the terorism as a ‘globalized factor’. It has risen up out of its historial roots to contemporay quandary. 9/11 assaults, presence of Al-Qaeda and atomic program of Iran have joined the globe against fear based oppressors who are pushing forward to get their targets. Hoffman is of the possibility that the feelings of trepidation dispersed and political increases of fear based oppressor have empowered the two foes of the past to consolidate. English once set white house at fire, today US and Britain are partners against their normal foes like Al-Qaeda who assaulted US on 9/11 and Britain on 7/7. Psychological oppression was before a device for just some little fear monger associations yet today it has picked up fame on state level. Presently states like US, Britain, France are taking up arms against the gatherings like Al-Qaeda and so forth. Hoffman gives one of the meanings of psychological warfare as, â€Å"the intentional creation and misuse of dread through viciousness or the danger of brutality in the quest for political change (p.40). It appears to be very fit to the current political circumstances where country states are working for their particular political gains and change arrangement. As United States arrangement on Libya and Syria contrasts. The US utilized every conceivable mean and measures to get the political change Libya whi le concerning Syria; we see an obvious redirection in US strategies. The utilization of viciousness and danger that was practiced in Libya, totally consents to the new meanings of fear based oppression by Hoffman. The states utilize the instruments of danger and brutality to get political changes of their own decisions. â€Å"When we see what’s occurring on TV, our normal intuition is to act† was the announcement by Obama that empowers us to relate the connection among fear mongering and media as saw by Hoffman who stated, â€Å"

Computer Hradware and Software Research Assignment - 1100 Words

Computer Hradware and Software Research Assignment (Essay Sample) Content: Computer Hardware and SoftwareName of StudentCourse/NumberFaculty NameDue DateComputer Hardware and SoftwareA collection of various physical parts of a computer system constitutes its hardware. They are very essential components that together with the operating software systems make up a functional operating computer. These components are important when considering applications to install in a computer. An operating system software equally manages the computer software and hardware components and supply distinct services for computer programs. This report shows how hardware components are vital to application installation in our computers.Computer hardwareHardware components of a computer includes internal computer case such as motherboard, hard disc drives and video cards, peripherals for example cameras and printers, monitor, keyboard and mouse. They are mainly categorized according to their specific purposes either output, input, processing or storage. Processing c omponents work with the data to achieve the purpose of the operating system. Inputs on the other hand accepts data in the computer and make it ready for processing. Output takes processed data and make it accessible by other computer systems. Storage components equally keeps the processed data for later use by the computer. In addition, Control components coordinates all activities of all other components of a computer system.Motherboard is the major component of the hardware system and most essential element in computer operations. It consists of an integrated circuit that connects with the remaining parts of a computer to coordinate functions. Its major components include the central processing unit (CPU), which is the central controller of all computer functions, a chipset that coordinates the links between CPU and other parts of the system, read only memory (ROM) that consists of the basic input output system (BIOS) responsible for powering on the computer, Buses links CPU and e xpanded cards, CMOS battery that supplies power to the BIOS chip for booting up the system and video card used for processing graphics and playing video games (Patterson Hennessy, 2017).A computer hardware system also consists of expansion cards that are important in extending the functionality of a computer through insertion in the motherboard, storage devices used for keeping, importing and extraction of data files, fixed media such as hard disk drives and solid state drives used for data storage, removal media such as USB flash disks and optical disks that are important for transferring files between computers. Of major importance are also the input and output peripherals of a computer hardware. Input peripherals are devices that help in keying information into the computer like mouse, touchpad and keyboard while output devices display information to end users in a form that is readable (Patterson Hennessy, 2017). For example, printers and monitors.Other important components of a computer hardware include the computer casing which encloses the major elements of the system. This case provides protection and support to delicate internal hardware features like motherboard and disk drives. It is also helpful in controlling electromagnetic effects from interfering with the normal operation of the computer. The power supply hardware called power supply unit (PSU) is useful in the conversion of electric power to low voltages as specified by manufacturers.Operating System SoftwareA computer operating system is a software that monitors both hardware and software resources. The system also integrates various programs that are important for the functionality of a computer. Operating systems can be classified as time-sharing systems that are essential in scheduling of tasks and execution of computer commands (Silberschatz, Galvin Gagne, 2014). They also comprise of accounting software that are efficiently utilised in processing, mass storage and printing. Operating systems are useful in coordinating both the hardware and software programs in a computer. Some of the most dominant operating systems that are installed in desktops include Microsoft windows, macOS and Linux while Android and iOS are commonly featured in mobile phones.Operating systems can be classified into various categories according to their programs. Most common categories include; single and multi-tasking software. While a single-tasking system only operates one program, a multi-tasking operating system allows for concurrent operation of two or more programs. This is due to the time-sharing features that enable division of processor time through a task-scheduling subsystem. For efficient execution, the multi-tasking program can be executed in two different types, that is, pre-emptive and co-operative types. In pre-emptive multi-tasking, the operating system is integrated with the CPU and assigns slots to respective programs (Silberschatz, Galvin Gagne, 2014). On the other ha nd, cooperative multi-tasking can be obtained by dependence on every process that provides time for orderly execution of commands.Another category is single and multi-user. A single user operating system does not provide facilities that distinguish user interfaces even though it allows concurrent execution of multiple programs. A multi user operating system contains facilities that are useful in enabling ident...

How Solar Flares Work and the Risks They Pose

A sudden flash of brightness on the Suns surface is called a solar flare. If the effect is seen on a star besides the Sun, the phenomenon is called a stellar flare. A stellar or solar flare releases a vast amount of energy, typically on the order of  1 Ãâ€" 1025  joules, over a broad spectrum of wavelengths and particles. This amount of energy is comparable to the explosion of 1 billion megatons of TNT or ten million volcanic eruptions. In addition to light, a solar flare may eject atoms, electrons, and ions into space in what is called a coronal mass ejection. When particles are released by the Sun, they are able to reach Earth within a day or two. Fortunately, the mass may be ejected outward in any direction, so the Earth isnt always affected. Unfortunately, scientists arent able to forecast flares, only give a warning when one has occurred. The most powerful solar flare was the first one that was observed. The event occurred on September 1, 1859, and is called the Solar Storm of 1859 or the Carrington Event. It was reported independently by astronomer Richard Carrington and Richard Hodgson. This flare was visible to the naked eye, set telegraph systems aflame, and produced auroras all the way down to Hawaii and Cuba. While scientists at the time didnt have the ability to measure the strength of the solar flare, modern scientists were able to reconstruct the event based on nitrate and the isotope beryllium-10 produced from the radiation. Essentially, evidence of the flare was preserved in ice in Greenland. How  a Solar Flare Works Like planets, stars consists of multiple layers. In the case of a solar flare, all layers of the Suns atmosphere are affected. In other words, energy is released from the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona. Flares tend to occur near sunspots, which are regions of intense magnetic fields. These fields link the atmosphere of the Sun to its interior. Flares are believed to result from a process called magnetic reconnection, when loops of magnetic force break apart, rejoin  and release energy. When magnetic energy is suddenly released by the corona (suddenly meaning over a matter of minutes), light and particles are accelerated into space. The source of the released matter appears to be material from the unconnected helical magnetic field, however, scientists havent completely worked out how flares work and why there are sometimes more released particles than the amount within a coronal loop. Plasma in the affected area reaches temperatures in the order of tens of million Kelvin, wh ich is nearly as hot as the Suns core. The electrons, protons, and ions are accelerated by the intense energy to nearly the speed of light. Electromagnetic radiation covers the entire spectrum, from gamma rays to radio waves. The energy released in the visible part of the spectrum makes some solar flares observable to the naked eye, but most of the energy is outside the visible range, so flares are observed using scientific instrumentation. Whether or not a solar flare is accompanied by a coronal mass ejection is not readily predictable. Solar flares may also release a flare spray, which involves an ejection of material that is faster than a solar prominence. Particles released from a flare spray may attain a velocity of 20 to 200 kilometers per second (kps). To put this into perspective, the speed of light is 299.7 kps! How Often Do Solar Flares Occur? Smaller solar flares occur more often than large ones. The frequency of any flare occurring depends on the activity of the Sun. Following the 11-year solar cycle, there may be several flares per day during an active part of the cycle, compared with fewer than one per week during a quiet phase. During peak activity, there may be 20 flares a day and over 100 per week. How Solar Flares Are Classified An earlier method of solar flare classification was based on the intensity of  the  HÃŽ ±Ã‚  line of the solar spectrum. The modern classification system categorizes flares according to their peak flux of 100 to 800 picometer X-rays, as observed by the GOES spacecraft that orbit the Earth. Classification Peak Flux (Watts per square meter) A 10−7 B 10−7 – 10−6 C 10−6 – 10−5 M 10−5 – 10−4 X 10−4 Each category is further ranked on a linear scale, such that an X2 flare is twice as potent as an X1 flare. Ordinary Risks From Solar Flares Solar flares produce what is called solar weather on Earth. The solar wind impacts the magnetosphere of the Earth, producing aurora borealis and australis, and presenting a radiation risk to satellites, spacecraft, and astronauts. Most of the risk is to objects in low Earth orbit, but coronal mass ejections from solar flares can knock out power systems on Earth and completely disable satellites. If satellites did come down,  cell phones and GPS systems would be without service. The ultraviolet light and x-rays released by a flare disrupt long-range radio and likely increase the risk of sunburn and cancer. Could a Solar Flare Destroy the Earth? In a word: yes. While the planet itself would survive an encounter with a superflare, the atmosphere could be bombarded with radiation and all life could be obliterated. Scientists have observed the release of superflares from other stars up to 10,000 times more powerful than a typical solar flare. While most of these flares occur in stars that have more powerful magnetic fields than our Sun, about 10% of the time the star is comparable to or weaker than the Sun. From studying tree rings, researchers believe Earth has experienced two small superflares— one in 773 C.E. and another in 993 C.E. Its possible we can expect a superflare about once a millennium. The chance of an extinction level superflare is unknown. Even normal flares can have devastating consequences. NASA revealed Earth narrowly missed a catastrophic solar flare on July 23, 2012. If the flare had occurred just a week earlier, when it was pointed directly at us, society would have been knocked back to the Dark Ages. The intense radiation would have disabled electrical grids, communication, and GPS on a global scale. How likely is such an event in the future? Physicist Pete Rile calculates the odds of a disruptive solar flare is 12% per 10 years. How to Predict Solar Flares At present, scientists cannot predict a solar flare with any degree of accuracy. However, high sunspot activity is associated with an increased chance of flare production. Observation of sunspots, particularly the type called delta spots, is used to calculate the probability of a flare occurring and how strong it will be. If a strong flare (M or X class) is predicted, the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) issues a forecast/warning. Usually, the warning allows for 1-2 days of preparation. If a solar flare and coronal mass ejection occur, the severity of the flares impact on Earth depends on the type of particles released and how directly the flare faces the Earth. Sources Big Sunspot 1520 Releases X1.4 Class Flare With Earth-Directed CME. NASA. July 12, 2012.Description of a Singular Appearance seen in the Sun on September 1, 1859, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, v20, pp13, 1859.Karoff, Christoffer. Observational evidence for enhanced magnetic activity of superflare stars. Nature Communications volume 7, Mads Faurschou Knudsen, Peter De Cat, et al., Article number: 11058, March 24, 2016.

Micro Organizational Behavior - 2607 Words

RUNNING HEAD: MICRO-ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR Micro-Organizational Behavior Robert Alford Grantham University MICRO-ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR Abstract During the course of this class my focus will be on the use of micro-organizational behavior and to focus on and discuss the finer points of behavior within a large organization such as that of the military or that of Wal-Mart Corporation. Furthermore I will talk about the process of decision-making and cooperation between small groups of people and how it affects the organization or company. The ultimate focus of my project is to gain a full understanding of the concept of micro-organizational behavior and to relay how the issues that surround†¦show more content†¦Let’s begin to discuss and look at the effects of micro-organizational behavior within a corporation. The effect associated with micro-organizational behavior as it applies to the military is that of minimal effects. What are the strategic implications of organizational behavior for your selected industry or business? The organization MICRO-ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR that was chosen to do an analysis of micro-organizational behavior will be that of the military and as a second industry would be that of United Parcel Service (UPS). As a person that has served in the military the concept of micro-organizational behavior is something that is applied on a daily basis. The soldiers are challenged constantly to work together as a cohesive unit and team. When it Micro organizational behavior refers to individual and group dynamics in an organizational setting.Micro organizational behavior refers to individual and group dynamics in an organizational setting.Micro organizational behavior refers to individual and group dynamics in an organizational is time for a mission or training event to take place micro-organizational behavior is put into action. The question is asked what are the strategic implications associated with organizational behavior within the military. Strategic implication is defined as a conclusion of a carefully designed or planned activity or program to serve a particular purpose orShow MoreRelatedEssay on Annotated Bibliography Employee Engagement4499 Words   |  18 Pages9 4. Recommendations for practice 12 5. Conclusion 12 References 13 â€Æ' 1. Introduction Employee engagement (EE) is an essential part of organizational life and of paramount interest to human resource management (HRM) professionals in the banking industry due to its influence on the organizational outcomes. 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The firm was experiencing low performance and low morale, along with a new Communication Manager who was unsure how to address the issues. The new Communication Manager paid for the students services and expressed apprehension around having leadership buy-in, which the students recommended as the first obstacle to address. The firm has traditionally recruited family

Bill Gates and Warren Buffett Essay Example For Students

Bill Gates and Warren Buffett Essay In business world the manager is a leader of the company that leads his/her employees to success and happiness. Being qualified for this positions one must have these aspects, aggressive, motivated, risk taker, respectful and trustworthy. One who has these qualifies is a successful manager. Two people in this world that clearly showed these qualifications are Bill Gates and Warren Buffett. They are the two of smartest, wealthiest and goal oriented people on this planet. They both succeeded in two different areas but both had the same aspects in being a manager of their company. The video Warren Buffett and Bill Gates on Success was with Bill Gates and Warren Buffett answering questions at University of Washington School of Business about their success and helpful tips they have learned for future successful business men and women. The video showed many aspects that gave knowledge and practices for everyone to use to become a successful manager and having a successful company. They both were very friendly and out-going with the audience which showed that what they are doing is what they really enjoy. Warren Buffett and Bill Gates are two who are admire and looked up to millions of people worldwide by their knowledge and their success they have today. Bill gates and Warren Buffett are the two most successful people in the United States some might even call them the American folk hero. Bill Gates has an aggressive, winner-takes-all attitude; he transformed Microsoft, a small niche company, into the most influential company in the computer industry and the world for that matter. Hes driven, intelligent and doesnt apologize for the fact that he can take you down in a flash. He is also the co-founder and chairman of Microsoft, the worlds largest and most powerful (and most profitable) software company. And by the way, he is the richest man on the planet with an estimated fortune of $70 billion US (as of November 2000). (http://www.askmen.com/men/business_politics/33_bill_gates.html) Warren Buffett came from a small town and made it big without losing sight of his roots in the process. Even though he is a billionaire many times over, he still lives in the same house he bought before he was rich and is considered an all-around good guy. Hes tough but modest, and for that we salute him. He turned his company, Berkshire Hathaway, almost single-handedly over the last 30 years, into a Fortune 500 powerhouse. He has amassed a personal fortune of $36 billion dollars and is considered the most successful investor of all-time. (http://www.askmen.com/men/business_politics/43c_warren_buffett.html)The video Warren Buffett and Bill Gates on Success was with Bill Gates and Warren Buffett at University of Washington School of Business answering questions from audience about their lives, their success, and company skills. They talked and touched on many important skills and aspects to implement as a good manager of your company. There were many important aspects that can be learned from the review of the video. The three most important aspects from the video were love what your do, surround yourself with people whom you respect and trust, and be willing to take risks. The first aspect learned from the video is love what you do. When working with a company or anything you must love what your do or you will not be able to put one hundred percent of your focus, effort, and skill into doing your job. Loving your job is the best feeling in the world because you are doing something that fulfills happiness and maybe even entertainment while being paid for it. Bill gates and Warren Buffett are one of the two most wealthiest people in the world and still put one hundred percent focus, effort, and skill into there job not because of the paycheck because they already have billions of dollars but also because they love what the do and get up each morning loving their job and the every day to day task and experience. There are millions of people all over the country that do not love what they do which really hurts their work progress and success in the business world. When you look at the Theory X, it states that workers are lazy, not motivated, slow, and low productivity. This is a major result of not loving what you do. Not loving what you do will cause you to fall under the Theory X and labeled as a lazy worker. The video teaches us to love what you do and what will follow is success and happiness. Salem Witch Trials. EssayAnother aspect that the video taught that as a manager I would implement is to be a role model and or leader. When youre a manager of a company you have some or even many employees under you that look up to you as a role model. This is true but you are also a leader to them. They listen to you and follow you as you guide them and lead them to success. This aspect can also be combine with the aspect of love what you do. This is because as a manager I must love what I do because I have many co-workers and employees that look up to me hoping and working hard will to get to my position to lead others. Therefore I am a role model and leader to the other co-workers and employees of my company. Another aspect this overlaps of the important aspects of the video and that is to surround yourself with people whom you respect and trust. By when other employees sees you respecting and trusting everyone around yourself equality they take note of that. They see someone wh o will succeed and lead them to success and this become one of their goals to get to your position. I as a manager will become a role model to the other co-workers and employees. There are many important aspects for a manager that the video could not cover in the one hour of tape. In the class we discussed about many important aspects also. There is one important aspect and or skill a successful manager should have that the video touch on a little but not all of it and that is emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is the ability to connect with people and understand their emotions. Emotional intelligence can be broken down into five key factors they are self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skill. The video talked about one of them a little and that is motivation. The other four are very important too. The first one is self-awareness which is to understand your own moods, emotions, and needs, as well as their impact on others. Second one is self-r egulation which is to control impulsiveness, calming down anxiety, and reaching with appropriate anger to situations. Third is motivation which is a passion to work for reasons in addition to money and status. The four is empathy which is to understand and respond to the unspoken feelings of others. And last is social skill which is competency in managing relationships, building networks of support, and having a positive relationship with people. These five factors of emotional intelligence is a very important aspect to a successful manager because it is the key factors in dealing with people and developing relations with the people and keeping the relations strong and long. As a manager of my company emotional intelligence is a very important aspect in having a successful company. To be a successful manager one must have the knowledge of all the aspects that were discussed throughout the paper. Warren Buffett and Bill Gates are perfect examples of successful managers. They clearly showed important aspects to be a successful manager and that is loving what you do, surrounding themselves with people whom they respect and trusted, emotional intelligence and were willing to take risks. Their success has motivated and inspired millions to succeed in their company and in their lives. Today in the business world there are many successful business men and women that succeed in their own areas of business. The main reasons of their success are of their aspects on managing their company from taking risks to motivation and commitment. A successful manager is also a leader to the other co-workers and employees of the company; he/she must guide and lead them to success and happiness. Work Cited1. No author. (2004, November) Man of the week. Online Available: http://www.askmen.com/men/business_politics/33_bill_gates.html/. November 28, 2004. 2. No author. (2004, November) Man of the week. Online Available: http://www.askmen.com/men/business_politics/43c_warren_buffett.html./ November 28, 2004.

Social Historical Transformations caused by the Book as the First Mass Medium

Today, the mass media plays a fundamental role in not only forming and reflecting the needs and opinions of people, but also connecting diverse perspectives to individuals and reproducing the self-image of society (Crowley, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Historical Transformations caused by the ‘Book’ as the First Mass Medium specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When these roles are played back to the past, it is evidently clear that the ‘book’ as the first mass medium instituted some major transformations whose effects helped shape society in ways that inarguably influences our very own thought systems, values, and attitudes. It is the purpose of this paper to evaluate some of the social and historical transformations caused by the book as the first mass medium. While it is known that the Sumerians were the first to write using words about five thousand years ago, and the co dex – a traditional modern form of the book – has been around for about nineteen hundred years, the first known book not written by hand originated from China just around the ninth century AD (A History of the Book, n.d.). Later day technologies have enabled the ‘book’ to be mass-produced and mass-read using various formats and, currently, the convergence of technology has enabled people to read books online. On the social front, the ‘book’ has caused many transformations, especially in availing a medium through which people from diverse cultural backgrounds could read books to share knowledge and improve their literacy levels (Crowley, 2006). The adage ‘information is power’ has been well documented over the years, and the ‘book’ served well as the first mass medium to disperse knowledge to individuals across diverse geographic locations, thus giving them the power to not only make informed decisions and take control of their lives, but also to have a reference point through which they could effectively find solutions to the everyday problems. This is inline with the fundamental tenets of any form of mass medium. The book, through the reproduction and distribution of standardized knowledge, can also be credited for initializing social coordination (Crowley, 2006). To reinforce this point, books allowed people and societies to use standardized ways and procedures of doing things that had been developed by ancient thinkers through objective and elaborate means, and therefore instituted social coordination. Also, books brought into the fore the aura of enjoyment and excitement, especially to ardent book readers.Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the historical front, it is clear that the discovery of the book as the first mass medium led to the storage and transfer of knowledge that clearly infor med the decisions made by political leaders, religious leaders and philosophers of that time. According to Frost (1998), â€Å"†¦sectarians in north and eastern Africa adopted the codex book as a medium for their literature as is exemplified by the fourth century Gnostic books found at Nag Hammadi† (para. 2). The knowledge that the codex was also principally used by early missionaries and other sectarians to disperse the Christian teachings in areas such as the Balkan Peninsula, Africa, and Asia Minor has also been well documented. This lead to great historical transformations, which saw multitudes of people convert to the Christian doctrine and profess its faith, not because of what could be seen in the physical realm, but because of what was contained in the book (Frost, 1998). Visionary leaders of the past have projected diverse political and social orientations that are unified by what these readers read in the books rather than their own personal perceptions and vie wpoints (Frost, 1998). For instance, it can be argued that traditional Russian political leaders such as Joseph Stalin and others were very much influenced by the writings of Karl Marx to an extent that they saw the establishment of a socialist state as the only true way to govern the populace. To date, such historical transformations still influence the political thinking of Russian leaders and the general population. As such, it can be safely concluded that the ‘book’ as the first mass medium caused profound social and historical transformations. Reference List A History of the Book. (n.d.). Web. Crowley, D. (2007). Communication in History: Technology, Culture, Society 5th Ed. London: Allyn Bacon Frost, G. (1998). Adoption of the codex book: Parable of a new reading mode. Retrieved from http://cool.conservation-us.org/coolaic/sg/bpg/annual/v17/bp17-10.htmlAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Historical Transformations caused by the ‘ Book’ as the First Mass Medium specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Social Historical Transformations caused by the ‘Book’ as the First Mass Medium was written and submitted by user Yandel Cobb to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Joseph John Thomson Essays - Electron Beam, Charge Carriers

Joseph John Thomson Essays - Electron Beam, Charge Carriers Joseph John Thomson Biography Joseph John Thomson was born in 1856 in Cheetham Hill, Manchester, England. His mother, Emma Swindells, came from a local textile family. His father, Joseph James Thomson, ran an antiquarian bookshop founded by a great-grandfather. He had a brother two years younger than him, Frederick Vernon Thomson. His early education was in small private schools where he demonstrated great talent and interest in science. In 1870 he was admitted to Owens College at the unusually young age of 14. His parents planned to enroll him as an apprentice engineer to Sharp-Stewart & Co, a locomotive manufacturer, but these plans were cut short when his father died in 1873. He moved on to Trinity College, Cambridge in 1876. In 1880, he obtained his BA in mathematics (Second Wrangler and 2nd Smith's Prize) and MA (with Adams Prize) in 1883. In 1884 he became Cavendish Professor of Physics. One of his students was Ernest Rutherford, who later succeeded him in the post. In 1890 he married Rose Elisabeth Paget, daughter of Sir George Edward Paget, KCB, a physician and then Regius Professor of Physic at Cambridge. They had one son, George Paget Thomson, and one daughter, Joan Paget Thomson. One of Thomson's greatest contributions to modern science was in his role as a highly gifted teacher: seven of his research assistants and his son won Nobel Prizes in physics. His son won the Nobel Prize in 1937 for proving the wavelike properties of electrons. He was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1906, "in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases." He was knighted in 1908 and appointed to the Order of Merit in 1912. In 1914 he gave the Romanes Lecture in Oxford on "The atomic theory". In 1918 he became Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, where he remained until his death. He died on 30 August 1940 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, close to Sir Isaac Newton. Thomson was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 12 June 1884 and was President of the Royal Society from 1915 to 1920. (1) J.J. Thomson's Atomic Model and Theory Thomson discovered the electron in the year 1897. His work put forward a new theory, that atom was made up of small particles.Thus he discovered the electrons. He proved his theory using the cathode ray tube. Scientists had already done many experiments to find the structure of the atom. They passed an electric current through a vacuum tube. They saw a light glowing inside the tube. It travelled in a straight line. They could not explain the phenomenon. Thomson did more experiments on the cathode tube. He placed two electric plates on its path. One was positively charged. The other was negatively charged. The glowing light bent towards the positively charged plate.and found that the glowing materials bent towards the positively charged plate. He found out that the glowing light were smaller particles. They were smaller than the atom. Thus Thomson found the particle called electron. Thus J.J.Thomson's atomic theory was found. Thomson suggested that the electrons came out ofthe trace gas that was inside the cathode tube. Thus a new theory that atoms were made of tiny particles surfaced. Thomson discovered the electrons and it was proved that atoms were made up of protons, electrons and neutrons. Thus Thomson proved that the atom was divisible. Since the atom was neutral, Thomson suggested that the negatively charged electron equalled the positively charged proton and neutrons had no charges.Thomson suggested to consider the atom as a sphere. It has positively charged particles. The positively charged particles is surrounded by the negatively charged electons. The electrons were placed there due to electrostatic forces. (2) What is a Cathode Ray Tube? Even without consciously realizing it, most of us are already aware of what a cathode ray tube is. Look at any glowing neon sign or any old-fashioned television set, and you are looking at the modern descendants of the cathode ray tube. Physicists in the 19th century found out that if they constructed a glass tube with wires inserted in both ends, and pumped out as much of the air as they could, an electric charge passed across the tube from the wires would